分词
下面两种分词均可视为形容词
- 现在分词
- 过去分词
分词与形容词的比较
形容词的位置
- 名词短语中
- 补语位置
所以分词做为形容词,也可以出现在这两个位置。
一、现在分词作为形容词
The black dog doesn’t bite
A barking dog doesn’t bite
在名词短语中,现在分词barking暗示“正在叫,一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。
The dog is black.
The dog is barking.
S + V + C
在补语位置中,现在分词barking,暗示“正在叫”。
二、过去分词作为形容词
Clean water is safe to drink
Boiled water is sate to drink
在名词短语中,过去分词boiled,暗示“被煮过”,有“被动,完成”的意思。
The water is clean.
The water is boiled.
在补语位置上,过去分词boiled,还是解释为“被煮过的”,有“被动”的意思。
三、带有“完成”暗示,而非“被动”的过去分词
I cannot find my wallet. It’s gone.
It is gone
S + V + C
go是不及物动词,没有被动态,所以过去分词gone是形容词补语,有“完成”的暗示,解释为“跑掉了,不见了”。
The leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.
fall也是不及物动词,也没有被动态。
The leaves are fallen.
S + V + C
fallen解释为“落下来了”。
I’m done. It’s all yours.
do是及物动词,但am done不是被动态,done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语,解释为“做完了”。
现在分词与过去分词的区分
现在分词和过去分词都看作形容词。
那么什么情况下,用现在分词?什么情况下,用过去分词?
当句子有表示“进行”的暗示时,用现在分词。
当句子有表示“被动、完成”的暗示时,用过去分词。
下面两种情况可能会搞不清到底用哪个,需要注意区分。
一、表示“感觉”的分词
一些表示“感觉”的分词,disappoint、satisfy、surprise、amaze、
astonish、scare、terrify、please、tire、exhaust等,
搞不清楚到底主动还是被动,该用现在分词或者过去分词时,可以先还原它成S+V+O句型。
He is disappointed at his scores.
His scores are disappointing.
His scores disappoint him.
S V O
二、词根词首分析
现在分词和过去分词的选择,涉及到主动和被动的判断,所以可动词的及物和不及物有关,可以通过词根词首去判断动词是及物还是不及物。
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
sist是be的意思,不及物,没有被动态。
water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
poss是place的意思,及物,可以有被动态。
现在分词与过去分词混合的形态
现在分词和过去分词一同出现,就把它当做两个形容词同时出现就好了。
I have no comment to make while the case is being investigated by police.
is being vnvestigated
V C
形容词从句简化的结果–只剩下分词
一、Ven
Toys made in Taiwan are much better now.
Toys which are made in Taiwan are much better now.
which与toys重复,去掉;be是无意义,去掉。
二、Ving
Children living in orphanages make a lot of friends.
Children who are living in orphanages make a lot of frends.
同样,省掉who和be。
三、being Ven
The vase being auctioned now is a Ming china.
The vase which is being auctioned now is a Ming china.
being不能省略,否则有完成的意思,不能表示正在拍卖。
副词从句简化的结果
和形容词从句简化一样,只是从句词类不同。
一、Ven
Wounded in War, the soldier was sent home.
After/Because he was wounded in war, the soldier was sent home.
主语He就是the soldier,省略;动词was是be,无实际意思,省略。
主语He没了,语法上也不需要连接词,省略after或because。
二、Ving
The pigeon, after flying 200 miles, was caught up in a net.
The pigeon, after it flew 200 miles, was caught in net.
这个和Ven不一样,省略后,flew 变成flying,要注意。
主语it就是the pigeon,省略;
没有be动词可以省略,改成进行式:after it was flying… ,去掉be动词was,剩下flying。
after不可以省略,因为会影响句子的意思,before、when、after都可以是句子意义不一样,所以要留下after。
最后就成了:after flying 200 miles。
三、having Ven
Having finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.
She had finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.
主语She就是the secretary, 所以省略。
没有be,改成:she was having been finished…, 去掉be动词was,剩下having finished。
最后就成了:having finished the day’s work。