分词

分词

下面两种分词均可视为形容词

  1. 现在分词
  2. 过去分词

分词与形容词的比较

形容词的位置

  1. 名词短语中
  2. 补语位置

所以分词做为形容词,也可以出现在这两个位置。

一、现在分词作为形容词

The black dog doesn’t bite
A barking dog doesn’t bite

在名词短语中,现在分词barking暗示“正在叫,一直叫”。有”正在进行“”的含义。

The dog is black.
The dog is barking.
S + V + C

在补语位置中,现在分词barking,暗示“正在叫”。

二、过去分词作为形容词

Clean water is safe to drink
Boiled water is sate to drink

在名词短语中,过去分词boiled,暗示“被煮过”,有“被动,完成”的意思。

The water is clean.
The water is boiled.

在补语位置上,过去分词boiled,还是解释为“被煮过的”,有“被动”的意思。

三、带有“完成”暗示,而非“被动”的过去分词

I cannot find my wallet. It’s gone.

It is gone
S + V + C

go是不及物动词,没有被动态,所以过去分词gone是形容词补语,有“完成”的暗示,解释为“跑掉了,不见了”。

The leaves are all fallen, now that winter is here.

fall也是不及物动词,也没有被动态。

The leaves are fallen.
S + V + C

fallen解释为“落下来了”。

I’m done. It’s all yours.

do是及物动词,但am done不是被动态,done是带有“完成”意思的形容词补语,解释为“做完了”。

现在分词与过去分词的区分

现在分词和过去分词都看作形容词。

那么什么情况下,用现在分词?什么情况下,用过去分词?

当句子有表示“进行”的暗示时,用现在分词。

当句子有表示“被动、完成”的暗示时,用过去分词。

下面两种情况可能会搞不清到底用哪个,需要注意区分。

一、表示“感觉”的分词

一些表示“感觉”的分词,disappoint、satisfy、surprise、amaze、
astonish、scare、terrify、please、tire、exhaust等,
搞不清楚到底主动还是被动,该用现在分词或者过去分词时,可以先还原它成S+V+O句型。

He is disappointed at his scores.

His scores are disappointing.

His scores disappoint him.
S V O

二、词根词首分析

现在分词和过去分词的选择,涉及到主动和被动的判断,所以可动词的及物和不及物有关,可以通过词根词首去判断动词是及物还是不及物。

Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
sist是be的意思,不及物,没有被动态。

water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
poss是place的意思,及物,可以有被动态。

现在分词与过去分词混合的形态

现在分词和过去分词一同出现,就把它当做两个形容词同时出现就好了。

I have no comment to make while the case is being investigated by police.

is being vnvestigated
V C

形容词从句简化的结果–只剩下分词

一、Ven

Toys made in Taiwan are much better now.

Toys which are made in Taiwan are much better now.

which与toys重复,去掉;be是无意义,去掉。

二、Ving

Children living in orphanages make a lot of friends.

Children who are living in orphanages make a lot of frends.

同样,省掉who和be。

三、being Ven

The vase being auctioned now is a Ming china.

The vase which is being auctioned now is a Ming china.

being不能省略,否则有完成的意思,不能表示正在拍卖。

副词从句简化的结果

和形容词从句简化一样,只是从句词类不同。

一、Ven

Wounded in War, the soldier was sent home.

After/Because he was wounded in war, the soldier was sent home.

主语He就是the soldier,省略;动词was是be,无实际意思,省略。
主语He没了,语法上也不需要连接词,省略after或because。

二、Ving

The pigeon, after flying 200 miles, was caught up in a net.

The pigeon, after it flew 200 miles, was caught in net.

这个和Ven不一样,省略后,flew 变成flying,要注意。

主语it就是the pigeon,省略;

没有be动词可以省略,改成进行式:after it was flying… ,去掉be动词was,剩下flying。

after不可以省略,因为会影响句子的意思,before、when、after都可以是句子意义不一样,所以要留下after。

最后就成了:after flying 200 miles。

三、having Ven

Having finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.

She had finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.

主语She就是the secretary, 所以省略。

没有be,改成:she was having been finished…, 去掉be动词was,剩下having finished。

最后就成了:having finished the day’s work。

Test 6